The Impact of Brands Promotion on Organisational Performance (A Case Study of Cadbury Nigeria Plc)

THE IMPACT OF BRANDS PROMOTION ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

 (A CASE STUDY OF CADBURY NIGERIA PLC)

 

 

RESEARCH PROJECT

 

 

WRITTEN BY

YOUR NAME

 

 

PRESENTED TO THE DISTANCE LEARNING INSTITUTES, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION OF UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

                                        

 

 

 

Nov 2017

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1 Background of the Study

Contemporary marketing calls for more than developing a good product or service, pricing it adequately, and making it available to the target customers or clients. Organizations should also promote their goods and services to present and potential customers.

The Elements of marketing promotions mix include the following:- Advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, Public Relations and Publicity. The combination of these marketing promotions elements is called Promotional Mix. In their various ways, these elements are involved in communicating information to customers, clients or potential users about goods and services on offer. Their fundamental aim is to prompt customers, clients or potential users to take positive action by placing orders, making enquiries, and purchasing on a continuous basis.

The consumer before he makes his purchase decision passes through the following stages: Awareness, Interest, Desire and Action or what we popularly refer to as the AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire and Action) process of making a purchase. At each step in the purchase decision, the probability that a purchase will result is enhanced through the use of efficient and effective marketing promotions, and ending ultimately in the purchase of the goods or service being promoted.

Marketing Promotion is the art of transmitting information for marketing purposes. It is the process of establishing communication relationship. Under marketing communications, an organization would be aiming at a deliberately differentiated audience for a commercial purpose, and would employ such means of communication as advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and publicity.

According to Achumba (2000) a marketing promotion strategy is concerned with the role to be played by each of the promotional mix elements towards effective and efficient dissemination of information to customers, clients or potential users. As Achumba further noted, the suitability of any particular promotional mix is a function of such factors as the type of product or service (i.e. industrial or consumer), the age of the product (i.e. the time for which the product/service has been in the market and its sophistication as compared to competing products/services), and the contribution which it is felt that the other marketing variables can make to the demand-influencing process.

The underlying emphasis and consideration for management is to know the extent to which advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and publicity will help in achieving the objectives of the marketing promotions programme. Aspects to consider include the objectives of the marketing promotions programme, the budget allocation for it, and the means and tools for disseminating information to customers or clients.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Most organizations, including Cadbury Nigeria Plc has failed to realize the vital roles that marketing promotions can play towards organizational success. They failed to implement effective promotional programmes and strategies that will offer competitive advantage towards their brands and therefore enable consumers have brand preference for their products which is hard to overcome by other competitors.

In most cases, promotional programmes are. not given their right places. Promotional programmes are not usually being handled by experts. Also, in most instances, promotional programmes are not properly planned and executed. The promotional budgets are just conceived and dished out without mapping out appropriate strategies for its implementation and execution tailored towards achieving organizational success.

Advertising programmes are usually targeted at the mass audience instead of focusing on a little market segment. Advertising, sales promotional, publicity and public relations programmes’ objectives are not properly stated. In several instances, the advertising themes are not appropriately conceived. Wrong media for communicating the promotional messages are often been selected. In most cases, there is usually wrong timing of advertisement messages. The sales personnel are often not well trained to carry out their personal selling functions effectively.

The overall consequence of all these anomalies is that promotional objectives in most cases are never realized.

 1.3 The Purpose of the Study

It is against this backdrop that the study set out to

·        determine the impacts of Promotion on organizational performance,

·        determine whether advertising improve corporate and brand images.

·        ascertain which of the promotional strategies that Nigerian managers use in their organizations to achieve their marketing objectives,

·        examine ways by which promotional programmes can be made more effective,

·        identify various problems that confront Nigerian Managers in implementing effective promotional programme,

1.4. Research Questions

The following questions were asked in this study:-

1.     What are the impacts of promotion on organizational performance?

2.     What are the various promotional strategies that are open to Nigerian Managers to achieve organizational success?

3.     Which of the promotional strategies that are mostly used by Nigerian Managers in their organizations to achieve their marketing objectives?

4.     In what way(s) can promotional programmes be made more effective?

5.     What are the various problems confronting Nigerian Managers in implementing effective promotional programmes?

1.5. Research Hypotheses

1.       H₀: Marketing promotion decreases organizational profitability.

H₁   Marketing promotion increases organizational profitability.

2.       H₀: Advertising does not improve corporate and brand images.

          H_1: Advertising improves corporate and brand images.

3.       H₀: Involvement of experts in promotional programmes does not enhance the achievement of promotional objectives.

H₁: : Involvement of experts in promotional programmes do enhance the achievement of promotional objectives.

4.       H₀: Personal Selling is not more precise in making sales than other promotional mix elements

H₁: Personal Selling is more precise in making sales than other promotional mix elements,

1.6. Significance of Study

Corporate Promotional strategies is among the strategies adopted by organizations to

improve on their revenue generation and profitability. Promotional programs when 

successful shall help organizations to have easy in roads into the market place and 

therefore be able to achieve their marketing objectives. The significance of this study 

can be seen by examining  the various contributions that this study shall make to the 

users of the information of this study which include the organization that is being used 

as the case study of this work. This study shall provide reference point to students, 

marketers and researchers who are seeking avenues to improve their marketing 

promotional programmes. The findings of this study shall be hosted on the internet and 

kept in the Library to make them accessible to other users. It is hoped that both the

organization that was used as the case study of this study and the larger society

shall benefit immensely from this work.

1.7     Limitation of Study

The following limitations were encountered in the course of this study:-

·        There was also a time constraint as the researcher has to combine this project work with her school work.

·        Funds to carry out this study were in short supply.

· Furthermore, there were some of the respondents that were un co-operating irrespective of efforts that the researcher made to convince them and to get their support in obtaining information needed for this study.

·        The resource materials personnel and computer needed for data processing were also not available. Consequently, the researcher resort to using calculator and the manual process of data analysis.

 

1.8  Scope of the Study

This study focused on the Impact of Promotion on Organizational

Performance – A Case study of Cadbury Nig Plc. This study

investigated on the impact of Promotion on Organizational Performance.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Advertising:                  To make known to the public, to stress the good                            points of a product with the aim of selling the products.

Billboards:                    Billboards are large structures located in public places                            which display advertisements to passing pedestrians and                                  motorists

Celebrity branding       This is type of advertising that focuses upon using                          celebrity power, fame, and money, popularity to gain                          recognition for their products and promote specific stores or                          products

Coupons:                   A piece of paper which may be exchanged for goods or money 

 Guerrilla marketing:     A recent advertising innovation is "guerrilla marketing" which     involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand  messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message

Informercials:                An infomercial is a long-format television commercial,                              typically five minutes or longer. The word "infomercial" combining the words "information" & "commercial”.  Infomercials describe, display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals.

Mass Media:                  Means of communication information to a large number of people

Niche Marketing:          These advertisements are targeted to a specific group and can be viewed by anyone wishing to find out more about a particular business or practice at any time, right from their home.

Personal Selling:           Personal Selling is a face-to-face oral presentation of information about products and service in a conversation with one or more buyers for the purpose of making sells.

Persuasion:                   The act of bringing someone to do or think something by arguing with them or by advising them.

Promotion:                    Advertising, or an effort to publicize and increase sales of a particular brand.

Publicity:                       Is an unpaid form of promotion appearing in the mass media. It is a non personal form of promotion which may take the form of favourable news presentation for a product or an organization

Public Relations:            Is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics. 

Sales Promotion:          Sales promotions are those marketing activities, other than personal selling, advertising, and publicity that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness. Sales promotions include things like contests and games, sweepstakes, demonstrations, shows and expositions, product giveaways, samples coupons, loyalty programs, and discounts.

Social Network Advertising: This is online advertising with a focus on social               networking sites.

Sweepstakes:                 A gambling system in which those who take part stake money which goes to the holder of the winning ticket     

REFERENCES

1.  Asika N. (2004) Research Methodology – A Process Approach,  Lagos: Mukugamu and Brothers Enterprises, Pages 129-134

 

2.  Fagbohungbe O. (2002), Research Methods For Nigerian Tertiary                       Institutions. Lagos: Kotleb Publishers

 

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Project Status	Available
Number of Chapters	5
Number of Pages	112
Number of Words	17,558
Number of References	24
Project Level	B.Sc.
Price	N10,000 (Non-Negotiable)  or USD50 in US Dollar
Abstract, Sample of Questionnaire are included
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2.	The impact of Tax Evasion and Avoidance on Revenue Generation of the Govt A Case Study of …	Accounting	B.Sc	77	20,344	23	US$100
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19	The Effect of Flexible Working Hours on Employees Performance, A Case of ..	Business Admin/HR Mgt	M.Sc	81	17,572	28	US$100
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The Impact of Knowledge Management on Organisational Performance, A Case Study of Four Selected Firms in Lagos - www.danikingconsulting.com/projects

The Impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance (A Case Study of Four Selected Firms in Lagos)

Research Project

By

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In today's highly competitive and demanding business world, an organization's competitive capability is a function of how effective and efficiently it deploys its corporate assets. This asset resides in the human capital and is knowledge. The practice of managing them is known as knowledge management. Knowledge Management can be defined as any structured activity that improves an organization's capacity to acquire, share, and utilize knowledge for its survival and success. Every organization is made up of a crop of Intellectual Capital, which are divided into Human capital (Knowledge that employees possess), Structural Capital (Knowledge embedded in systems and structures), Customer Capital (Value derived from satisfied customers, reliable suppliers and others) (Edvinson 1997).

Organizations are facing ever increasing challenges, brought on by market place pressures or the nature of the workplace. Many organizations are now looking to knowledge management (KM) to address these challenges. Such initiatives are often started with the development of a knowledge management strategy. Knowledge is the only sure source of competitive advantage. Successful firms consistently create new knowledge, spread it through out organization and manifest it into new technologies, products and service offerings. It is no doubt that successful organizations are learning organizations which allows Personal knowledge to pool into organizational knowledge; Such organization is skilled at creating, acquiring and transforming knowledge and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insight. While most business leaders appreciate the strategic value of knowledge and the need to manage their knowledge assets, many of them seem unable to derive real benefits from their efforts. There are reasons for this, including their persistence in viewing knowledge management (KM) as a supply-side issue, namely their belief that the acquisition of the right knowledge automatically produces benefits.

Other reasons why benefits don't materialize include a lack of focus on KM initiatives; a staggering over reliance on technology to provide both the solution and the benefit; structures that are inappropriate for capitalizing on an organization's knowledge assets, and lastly a lack of proper ownership. (Murray 2002) According to Mohammed (2000) .Knowledge management refers to the process of managing and leveraging the stores of knowledge that reside within an organization the objectives being to add value , improve efficiency , increase productivity and /or revenues. As a strategy that turns an organization's intellectual assets -both recorded information and the talents of its members into greater productivity, new value and increased competitiveness.

Knowledge management must add value to the bottom line. Organizations must map knowledge activities to define the following strategic goals:
• Innovations
• Responsiveness
• Productivity
• Competency

1.2 Background of the Study of Knowledge Management
There is increasing awareness and adaptation of Knowledge Management by organizations. This is on the realization of important benefits organizations can derive there from. Effective management of organizational resources are key to organizational success (Banjoko, 1996). Often times managers make key decisions without having access to information to make such decisions. Having adequate relevant information will improve the chances of successfully achieving organizational objectives.
The world we presently live in is a world of knowledge. Through Knowledge acquisition and use, organizations now experience product, innovation, process and technological innovation and improvement which have no doubt contributed to organizational efficiency and effectiveness.

Knowledge has been defined in various ways. Some authors see Knowledge as valuable information from human mind that includes reflection, synthesis and context. Thomas Davenport and Prusak (2000) defines Knowledge as "what happens at the moment in time when Information becomes valuable to the individual seeking it" Effective use of Knowledge has been crucial to the organization's survival and success in competitive global markets and has a strong potential to problem solving, decision making, organizational performance enhancements and innovation. Effective use of Knowledge is Knowledge Management. Knowledge management is a conscious strategy of getting the right knowledge to the right people at the right time and helping people share and put information into action in ways that will strive to improve organizational performance. Knowledge management is a process that helps organizations find, select, organize, disseminate, and transfer important information and expertise necessary for activities.

1.3 Statement of Problem
The business environment we live in presently is constantly changing. The modern business manager operates in a dynamic environment. The change in the environment has been complex both in form and impact on business practices. Consumers and clients have been showing complex behaviors both in local and international markets. Competitors have been applying one strategy or the other to adapt to the dynamic and unpredictable business environment. To achieve organizational success, organizations are now adopting various strategies to achieve organizational success. Knowledge Management is one of these approaches and strategies organizations are using to achieve organization success.

In Knowledge Management, organizations are faced with various problems which include the following:
- Lack of adequate knowledge about knowledge management and its process.
- Lack of resources to acquire the technology that support effective knowledge management.
- Reluctance among employees to share information in the organization.
- Poor working environment that inhibits knowledge transfer among employees.
- Industrial politics, competition and rivalry that inhibit knowledge transfer among organization's membership.

1.4 Purpose of the Study
To compete and become successful in their own market, organizations must define how to use their ultimate assets, which is 'Knowledge ' and this practice is generally known as Knowledge Management or Business Intelligence. The main objectives of the study are:
1. To critically examine the competitive advantage that knowledge management provide for organizations.
2 To assess the impact of knowledge management on organization's performance.
3 To find how Knowledge Management can improve on employees performance.
4. To find how if Support and Collaboration have any relationship with knowledge Management practice

The Effect of Teenage Pregnancy On Girl Child Education in Amuwo Odofin Local Government, Lagos Nigeria - www.danikingconsulting.com

 

The Effect of Teenage Pregnancy On Girl Child Education in Amuwo Odofin Local Government, Lagos Nigeria

                                                                    Research Project

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The roles that women play in every family and society cannot be over emphasized. Women occupy pivotal positions in every society. The ability of women to contribute to the survival of families and national development to a great extent depend on the quality of educations that were given to such women especially at their early years of their live on earth. Child education is essential towards enabling a child contributes her quota to the well being of her immediate family and the society as a whole.

According to Adu-Gyamfi, E. (2014), access to education has been acknowledged as a human right, ever since the incorporation of article 26 in the Universal Declaration of Human rights in 1948:‘Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit’ (un.org, 2009). However, girl-child education can greatly be inhibited by teenage pregnancy.

According to Gyan, C. (2013), teenage pregnancy is one of the social ills that affect society. The existence of teenage pregnancy do not auger well for the development of the girl-child. This is attributable to the girls’ age and the absence of any consistent means of support to care for the children and themselves when they should have been in school. It is alleged that teenage pregnancy and its associated motherhood are characterized with shame, disgrace, and school dropout and sometimes end of the individual’s dreams of achieving higher pursuits.
Gyan, C. (2013), while referencing Cunningham and Boult (1996) asserted that teenage pregnancy has a lot of social consequences which include school drop-out or interrupted schooling, falling prey to criminal activity, abortion, ostracism, child neglect, school adjustment difficulties for their children, adoption, lack of social security, poverty, repeated pregnancy and negative effects on domestic life.

According to a United Nations report – UNFPA (2013), pregnancies among girls less than 18 years of age have irreparable consequences. It violates the rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and poses high development costs for communities, particularly in perpetuating the cycle of poverty. Existing evidence strongly disputes the rationale of traditional cultural practices such as child marriage. It supports immediate action to enforce laws protecting the rights of children and particularly of girls; guarantee education and health needs; and eliminate the risks of violence, pregnancy among girls less than 18 years of age, HIV infection, and maternal deaths and disability.

According to the UNFPA report, in 2010, 49 per cent of adolescent girls lived in only six countries: China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan and the United States of America. India (20 per cent) and China (16 per cent) together account for more than one-third of the global total. India will retain the biggest national adolescent girl population, with hardly any net change from 2010 to 2030 (93 million to 95 million). China, in contrast, will experience a sharp decline from 72 million to 55 million. It will only account for 11 per cent of the global total by 2030 This report further stated that Adolescents aged 10 to 19 are of school age, officially defined at the country level for secondary and tertiary education. Unfortunately, many are either out of school or are enrolled in or attending school at levels that do not correspond to their ages. In 2007, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics (2010) estimated that “approximately 71 million out-of-school adolescents of lower-secondary school age (are) excluded from any level of education.” UNFPA (2013) Almost two-thirds of them live in South and West Asia or in sub-Saharan Africa. In both cases, they represent an important proportion of the adolescents of lower-secondary school age (28 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively). Almost one in three adolescents of secondary school age in sub- Saharan Africa and South and West Asia are out of school.

The situation of adolescents is further aggravated by the fact that many attend school at a grade that does not correspond to their age. In 2007, 17 per cent of lower-secondary school age adolescents were enrolled in primary education (about 67 million, of which 35 million were girls). Evidence also indicates that once a child or adolescent starts attending grades behind the one indicated for her or his age, the probability of dropping out of school increases substantially.

Access to good quality education is one of the most effective interventions to empower adolescents with the most basic skills to function and contribute to society. This is of greater relevance for girls to obtain comprehensive sexual education; to know and recognize options; to be able to negotiate reproductive desires, including when and how many children to have; and to be able to demand access to good quality services for reproductive health. All of these faculties could be easily denied to adolescent girls who are out of school and unable to complete their secondary education as a minimum. In sub-Saharan Africa, only 23 per cent of adolescents of lower-secondary school age are attending at this level, with 38 per cent out of school and 39 per cent enrolled in primary education. By contrast, in North America and Western Europe, 95 per cent of lower-secondary school age adolescents are enrolled at that level, with only 4 per cent out of school. (UNFPA, 2013).

1.2 Statement of Problem
The effect of teenage pregnancy on girl child education is significant. Gyan, C. (2013), for instance, noted that teenage pregnancy is one of the social ills that affect society. The existence of teenage pregnancy do not auger well for the development of the girl-child. This is attributable to the girls’ age and the absence of any consistent means of support to care for the children and themselves when they should have been in school. It is alleged that teenage pregnancy and its associated motherhood are characterized with shame, disgrace, and school dropout and sometimes end of the individual’s dreams of achieving higher pursuits.

According to Melissa (2012), teenage pregnancy could lead to incomplete education, unemployment and other numerous emotional traumas. Early motherhood had been linked to effects the psychological development of the child adversely. Beside psychological physical risks cannot be ignored. Teenage girl’s body is not as developed as adult women in term of childbearing. Thus, they are often to face certain complications during pregnancy. Lack of sexual education caused teens get abortions since they realize that they are not ready yet to take responsibility to be a parent at such a young age and they still have many things to chase in life. The chance of maternal death cannot be ruled out in effecting teenage pregnancy by child.    

 According to Marnach et al (2013) medically, teenage pregnancy maternal and prenatal health is of particular concern among teens who are pregnant or parenting. The world wide incidence of premature birth and low birth weight is higher among adolescent mothers. Teenage mothers between 15-19 years old were more likely to have anemia, preterm delivery and low birth than mothers between 20-24 years old physiologically for the child as well as the mother. The mother can become easily frustrated and find violence is the way to overcome grief. She might become distraught thinking that she is a failure as a parent when seeing the reaction of her after being beaten. The teen mother might become depressed and consider suicide. The percentage of teenage pregnancy in the society is growing at along rate. It is perceived that lack of adequate knowledge about sex education to teenage girls make them to be sexually active which eventually leads to pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy has been found to have negative and social long lasting effects on the life of the adolescents. It is in the efforts of the researcher to contribute towards the eradication of the ills associated with teenage pregnancy and its effect on the girl-child’s education that motivated the researcher to carry out this study.

1.3 The Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to find out the effect of Teenage Pregnancy on Girl Child Education in Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area. Other specific objectives of this study include the following:
i. To determine how teenage pregnancy affect girl-child education
ii. To determine the remote causes of teenage pregnancy.
iii. To determine the attitude of the society towards teenage pregnancy
iv. To determine measures taken so far by the government to curb teenage pregnancy
and its associated ills on a girl child education.

1.4 Research Questions
i. How does teenage pregnancy affect girl-child education?
ii. What are the remote causes of teenage pregnancy?
iii. What are the attitudes of the society towards teenage pregnancy?
iv. What are the measures taken so far by the government to curb teenage pregnancy
and its associated ills on a girl child education.
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1. H0: Teenage pregnancy negatively affect girl-child education
H1: Teenage pregnancy does not negatively affect girl-child education

2. H0: Decrease in moral and social values causes teenage pregnancy
H1: Decrease in moral and social values do not cause teenage pregnancy

1.6 Significance of the Study
With one year after the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), governments and their partners should recognize that many of the goals are directly and negatively affected by the prevalence of adolescent-girl pregnancy. Urgent investments to end this harmful practice should be part of national strategies for poverty reduction and social justice. Teenage pregnancy, stands as a barrier towards the attainment of millennium development goal of ending hunger and extreme poverty, achieving universal primary education for all, and promotion of gender equality and women empowerment. This is because adolescent pregnancy abruptly limits and ends girls’ potential because they are taken out of school to be mothers. Children of mothers with little education are less likely to be educated. Girls often get pregnant without any say in the decision, and often with much older men or husbands. Large spousal age gaps also mean huge power differentials between girls and their partners/husbands. Girls who get pregnant before age 18 are more likely to experience violence within marriage or a partnership than girls who postpone child-bearing.

This study shall therefore in no small way contribute to the attainment of the millennium development goals of the United Nations. The suggestions that this study shall provide shall avail policy makers with information on what to do to curb the teenage pregnancy. The information that this study shall provide shall be made accessible to all and sundry by hosting this study on the internet. The local government that is being used as the case study shall also be provided with a copy of this study to enable the Chairman of the local government and other interest groups device measures to help their citizens realize their dreams of being educated.

1.7 Scope of the Study
This study shall focus on the effect of teenage pregnancy on Girl Child education in Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area. The researcher examined the causes of teenage pregnancy, how teenage pregnancy affect Girl Child education, how indirectly decrease in societal morals and values causes teenage pregnancy, and how teenage pregnancy could be reduced to the barest minimum. The setting of this study is Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area of Lagos State.

1.8 Operational Definitions of Terms.
Adolescent: A young person between age 10 to 19 years
Child: A child means every human being below the age of eighteen years.
Formal Education: This is a form of learning that corresponds to a systematic, organized education model, structured and administered according to a given set of laws and norms, presenting a rather rigid curriculum as regards objectives, content and methodology.
Learning This is the process by which an individual can acquire new skills or know new things that will improve the person’s potentials.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): These consist of eight developmental goals agreed by the members of UNESCO to be achieved in 2015.
Peer: Someone of the same age group, social class etc.
Teenager: Someone between age 13 and 19
Teenage-girl pregnancy: Any pregnancy that occurs to girls before age 18 is therefore considered an teenage-girl pregnancy
Universal Primary Education: This is a model or method of education that was introduced in Nigeria in 1976 aimed at achieving grass root primary education for all Nigerians.

REFERENCES
1. Adu-Gyamfi Ernest (2014), Assessing the Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on Achieving Universal Basic Education in Ghana: A Case Study of Upper Denkyira West District, Ghana, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol.5, No.17, 2014, www.iiste.org

2. Gyan, Charles. (2013), The Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on the Educational Attainment of Girls at Chorkor, a Suburb of Accra, Rome, Journal of Educational and Social Research, Vol. 3 No. 3

3. Marnach, E F, Forrest, J. D; and Goldman, N. (2013) teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries, Yale university press, New Haven Connecticut.

4. Melissa, F. (2012), Teenage pregnancy from http://wwerarly Symptoms of pregnancy.

5. UNFPA (2013), Adolescent Pregnancy : A review of the evidence, New York

INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROJECT:-

No. of Pages	55
References	31
Project Level	B.Sc./HND
Fee	N20,000

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Comparative Analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios -www.danikingconsulting.com

 

Comparative Analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios 

Research Project

By

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Information is an essential ingredient in assessing an organisation’s performance. A business entity must have financial statements that are capable of providing reliable and relevant information about all the important aspects of an entity’s performance. Obtaining and assessing information about corporate performance is essential to investors in their decision either to invest or not to invest in an organisation’s share. Financial statements are used to make decisions. They are used by shareholders and investors, and also by lenders, as well as by management. Financial statement analysis is important to the management, owners, personnel, customers, suppliers, competitors, regulatory agencies, tax payers, lenders, academics and others, each having their views in applying financial statement analysis in their evaluations and making judgments about the financial health of organization. The financial statements contain a large number of figures, but the figures themselves do not necessarily have much meaning to a user of the financial statements. One widely accepted method of assessing financial statements is ratio analysis, which uses data from the statement of financial position and other comprehensive income and statement of profit or loss to produce values that have easily interpreted financial meaning.

All banks, banking systems and other financial organizations routinely evaluate their financial health by calculating various ratios and comparing the values to those for previous periods, looking for differences that could indicate a meaningful change in financial condition. Many financial organizations also compare their own ratio values to those for similar organizations looking for differences that could indicate weaknesses or opportunities for improvement. Financial statements analysis is information processing system designed to provide data for decision making. The information is basically derived from published annual financial statements and accounts of the companies.

Meaning of Financial Statement
Financial Statement of a company can therefore be defined as a statement written in monetary terms that shows all the activities of an entity within a particular reporting period, including the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statement is a formal record of the financial activities of a business, person or other entity, prepared by the management of an entity to account for the business activities that have been performed over a specified period of time usually a year; it also states how the company’s resources have been managed effectively and efficiently. The objective of financial statement is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements also state how company’s resources have been managed effectively and efficiently for a given financial period, usually a year.

Meaning of Performance measures and Financial Analysis
According to Zayyad Abdul-Baki et al (2014) Performance measure entails comparing actual results with an established standard. For example, the comparison of actual results with standards as in variance analysis or actual results with budgets as in budgetary control system or comparison of a company’s financial ratios with the industry average as in ratio analysis or comparing a company’s performance with best practices as in benchmarking. Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent information, to assist in investment and financial decision-making. Financial analysis may be used internally to evaluate issues such as employee performance, the efficiency of operations, and credit policies, and externally to evaluate potential investments and the credit worthiness of borrowers and other information. The analyst draws the financial data needed in financial analysis from so many sources. The primary source is the data provided by the company itself in its annual report and required disclosures. The annual report comprises the statement of profit or loss, statement of financial position and other comprehensive income and the statement of cash flows as well as notes to these statements. Certain businesses may also be required by securities laws and other industry regulators to disclose additional information.

Meaning of Financial Ratio
A ratio is mathematical relation between on quantity and another. Ratio analysis is a good means of measuring the performance of an organization and it shows the relationship between financial data in the financial statements, and indicates the quotient of two mathematical expressions, (Abdulraheem A., 2004).

Introduction to the Nigerian Banking Sector
In Nigeria, the banking sector forms one of the pillars of economic development. It intermediates funds between the surplus and the deficit units, thus stimulating and promoting investments as well as economic growth and development. It follows that increase of investments in the banking sector will lead to improved performance of the economy. However, for any meaningful investment to occur in the banking sector, quality accounting information regarding share price and other performance indicators are essential. Investors, who are usually different from the management of investments, only rely on the information supplied by the management in the financial statement, in assessing the risk and value of a firm before deciding either to invest or disinvest. It is therefore important to use the appropriate accounting standards in preparing financial statements as it is an indicator of the performance of a firm.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
The scenario of commercial banking in Nigeria has been characterized by low capitalization which consequently affected their financial performance. While re-capitalisation of Nigerian banks may address this concern, the effect of the exercise on banks performance remains an empirical one. Before the capitalization exercise that took place some years back, many Nigerian banks were sick and unhealthy financially. Huge unsecured loans were given by the banks; their CEOs allegedly manipulated bank books and helped themselves to customer funds. Above all, bank shares were manipulated to deceive. Things were presented from a public relation (PR) perspective and many were led to purchase bank shares which were almost worthless. While this alleged scam was on, the banks presented a polished image by maintaining an elaborate scheme of deceit. Many Nigerians were ruined by a number of banks who loaned them money to purchase their worthless shares. Bank CEOs in a number of instances criminally used their customers’ accounts to borrow money from banks under their charge (Okoye and Gbegi, 2013).

There is therefore the need for investors and other users of financial information to be provided with reliable and up to day information with which they can assess the healthiness of the banking institutions before they make their purchase decisions of whether to invest or not to invest in a banks share. Such information when provided and analyzed shall save such potential investors from making useless investment decisions.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The cardinal aim of this study is to carry out comparative analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios. Other objectives of this study include the following:-
(i) To investigate the significance of financial ratios in assessing the performance of banking institutions in Nigeria.
(ii) To investigate the impact of the adoption of IFRS on bank performance.

1.4 Research Questions
(i) What are the significance of financial ratios in assessing the performance of banking institutions in Nigeria?
(ii) What are the impacts of the adoption of IFRS on the performance of the banking institutions in Nigeria?

1.5 Significance of the Study
Financial sector is the backbone of economy of a country. It works as a facilitator for achieving sustained economic growth through providing efficient monetary intermediation. A strong financial system promotes investment by financing productive business opportunities, mobilizing savings, efficiently allocating resources and makes easy the trade of goods and services. The efficacy of a financial system to reduce information and transaction costs plays an important role in determining the rate of savings, investment decisions, technological innovations and hence the rate of economic growth. Banking has become an important feature, which renders service to the people in financial matters, and its magnitude of action is extending day by day. It is a major financial institutional system in Nigeria (Sani J. and Alani G.O., 2013) of the total assets of all the financial institutions. A profitable and sound banking sector is at a better point to endure adverse upsets and adds performance in the financial system (Athanasoglou et al., 2008). Investing in such an important sector as the banking industry should be a worthy decision. However, because the sector is currently faced with numerous problems, it may be a risky venture to invest in an unhealthy financial institution. Ratio analysis provides investors and other users of financial statements important tools to analyze the healthiness of such financial institution before making their financial decision. Such a tool shall be able to save such investors from making a wrong investment decision. This study shall therefore provide readers information of the various ratio analytical tools they can use to guide them in making their investment decision. It is hoped that at the completion of this study, this work shall be made accessible to other readers by making this study available on the internet and in the library. This will inevitably make the materials a tool of reference for future users.

1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the comparative analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios. This study also examines whether or not the performance of the financial institutions in Nigeria have improved with the adoption of IFRS, The setting of this study was limited to Lagos State.

1.7 Definition of Terms Activity ratio: Activity ratio relates information on a company’s ability to manage its Resources (that is, its assets) efficiently.
Financial Analysis: Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent information, to assist in investment and financial decision-making.
Financial Leverage ratio: This provides information on the degree of a company’s fixed financial obligations and its ability to satisfy these financing obligations.
Financial Ratio: A ratio is mathematical relation between on quantity and another. Ratio analysis is a good means of measuring the performance of an organization and it shows the relationship between financial data in the financial statements, and indicates the quotient of two mathematical expressions.
Financial Statement: Financial Statement of a company can therefore be defined as a statement written in monetary terms that shows all the activities of an entity within a particular reporting period, including the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statement is a formal record of the financial activities of a business, person or other entity, prepared by the management of an entity to account for the business activities that have been performed over a specified period of time usually a year;
Liquidity ratio: This ratio provides information on a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations as they arise.
Performance measures: Performance measure entails comparing actual results with an established standard.
Profitability ratio: Profitability ratio provides information on the amount of income from each Naira on sales.
Shareholder ratio: This ratio describes the company’s financial condition in terms of amounts Share of stock. Return on Investment ratio: Provides information on the amount of profit, relative to the assets employed to produce that profit.

REFERENCES
Abdulraheem Abdulrasheed (2004) “Ratio analysis as a measure of performance in the banking industry, a case study of selected banks”, Journal of the Department of Business Administration
Athanasoglou P. P, Brissimis S. N, Delis M. D. (2008). “Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability.” Int. Finan. Mark. Inst. Money, 18: 121-136.
Chen, H, Tang, Q. Jiang, Y. & Lin, Z. (2010), The Role of International Financial Reporting Standards in Accounting Quality, Evidence from European Union, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 21(3), 220-278.
Imhoff, E. (2003), Accounting Quality, Auditing and Corporate Governance, Accounting Horizons, Special Issue on Accounting Quality, 117-128. Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (2014), “Management, Governance and Ethics”, London: Emile Woolf International Sani John and Alani G.O. (2013) “A comparative analysis of pre and post re-capitalization financial performance of banks in Nigeria, International Journal of Capacity Building in Education and Management, Vol. 2 No. 2
Zayyad Abdul-Baki, Ahmad Bukola Uthman and Mubaraq Sanni (2014) “Financial ratios as performance measure: a comparison of IFRS and Nigerian GAAP”, Accounting and Management Information Systems Vol 13, No. 1 pp 82-97

INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROJECT:-

No. of Pages	93
References	13
Project Level	B.Sc./HND
Fee	N20,000

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