GUNMEN BROKE INTO A HOSPITAL IN ENUGU AND STOLE FOUR NEWBORN BABIES

Report that got to us has it tha some unidentified gunmen have allegedly attacked a maternity hospital in Nkpologwu in Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State, taking away four newborn babies. We are not yet certain the motive for the attack, but a source in the area confirmed the incident to journalists on Wednesday. Although details of the incident are still sketchy, the source in the community disclosed that the incident happened late on Tuesday but was made known to members of the community on Wednesday. The source available to us has it that, “It happened in our community on Tuesday night and people have been discussing it since Wednesday morning. They said some gunmen stormed the hospital (name withheld) and took away four babies from the hospital. It is unfortunate that this incident took place as the country is approaching an election period that is so vital to the survival of the nation. Some speculations are saying maybe it is due to election that is approaching next year that could be the reason for such unholy act.

THE IMPACT OF COMPENSATION ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE - A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED FIRMS

THE IMPACT OF COMPENSATION ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE - A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED FIRMS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study
According to Banjoko (2012), compensation is the centerpiece and the manifestation of an exchange relationship between the employee and the employer. The process of effectively managing any organization’s reward system is one of the most complex and problematic issues in human resources management. Given the whole ambit of human resources management, hardly is any other issue more important, relevant and crucial to an employee than what he receives in exchange for his labour and services to the organization. Rarely had any matter led to strained labour-management relations or led to violent strikes, picketing or work stoppages much more than compensation-related issues. Without money, hardly can any employee work. This is because of the benefits that money offers to the individual employee. According to Banjoko (2006), money performs several functions to an individual employee which include the following:- economic role is perceived from the point of what money can buy. An individual’s pay serves as a medium of exchange or a means for acquiring necessities, luxuries and needs for himself and his family. The size of his pay will determine how much of his economic needs he can afford to meet. For instance his pay size will determine whether he will live at Victoria Garden City or at Mushin Olosha, whether he will spend his Christmas holiday with his family at a five star hotel in Dubai or at Ajeromi Ifelodun Town Hall. Money also acts as a social classifier. It classifies individuals into social strata. The amount of an individual salary will classify somebody into income class say salary grade level 14 or salary grade level 5. It provides other roles like psychological roles, serving a tool of inducement to certain behavior as well as a weapon for punishing any deviant or unwholesome behavior or attitude on the part of the employees. Money therefore serves as a tool for inducing certain desired behavior. No wonder employees’ compensation is the heart of every employee.

According to Wardly and Hodges (2008), in this fast-paced world of commerce, sales compensation has become only more complex and critical to a business’ growth and success. Businesses that fail to put in place the appropriate incentive systems to measure and compensate individuals for their outstanding sales contributions can risk losing their top performers to competitors. On the other hand, businesses that automate their sales incentive compensation processes, thus providing visibility into critical compensation data, have a far greater opportunity to not only retain their key sales staff but also recruit valuable, new salespeople to help them drive sales.

Compensation according to (Bernadin, 2007) cited in Odunlade (2012) refers to all forms of financial returns and tangible benefits that employee receives as part of employment relationship. Compensation can be divided into two parts which include cash compensation which is the direct pay provided by employer for work performed by the employee and fringe compensation which refers to employee benefit programs. Cash compensation has two elements which include base pay and pay contingent. Base pay has to do with hourly or weekly wages plus overtime pay, shift differential and uniform allowance while pay contingent is concerned Compensation are those monetary and non monetary payments paid to employees by their employers as a result of their contributions towards organizational success.with performance allowances such as merit increases, incentive pay bonuses and gain sharing. Fringe compensation on the other hand refers to employee benefits programs. Fringe compensation also has two parts to it which are legally required benefit programs and discretional benefits, Odunlade (2012) noted.

Compensation and Corporate Performance
Some research findings have shown that high compensation management is positively related to corporate performance. According to Leslie and Oyer (2009), stronger incentives at Private Equity-backed firms mitigate agency problems and improve performance and profitability.

According to Hodges (2009) Sales incentive compensation applications help align selling processes more directly with organizational objectives and contribute greatly to improving sales performance. An optimal sales reward system encourages specific activities consistent with a firm’s overall marketing and sales force objectives and strategies. It also can be used to attract and retain competent salespeople, thereby enhancing long-term customer relationships. Further, this system allows the kind of adjustments that facilitate administration of the reward system by providing an acceptable ratio of costs and sales force output in volume, profit, or other objectives. Well articulated compensation programmes enable an organization to attract, retain, reward, and motivate skilled and well talented individuals towards achieving organization’s long-term success. Compensation is a key component of an organization’s human capital strategy, in support of corporate overall goal, and to align employee interests with shareholders.

The need to reward the employees fairly and competitively based on performance is balanced with the requirement to do so within the context of principled behavior and actions, particularly in the areas of risk, compliance, and control. Compensation contributes to the achievement of the organization’s objectives in a way that does not encourage excessive risk-taking or the violation of applicable laws, guidelines, and regulations, taking into account the capital position and economic performance of the firm over the long term.

1.2 Statement of Problems
Compensation plays important roles in the employee-employer relations. It also plays important roles in boosting employee’s level of morale which is contingent on productivity. Hardly is there any issue in industrial relations that has led to conflicts and disagreement between trade unions and management than compensation related issues popularly referred to as “butter and bread issues”. Employee’s compensation, no matter the form it takes is at the heart of every employee. This is because of the roles it plays in the life of every employee. The amount of compensation an employee receives is an indication of the value the organization places on such employee; money is also a social classifier, it classifies people into social strata in the society; employee’s compensation also determines the quality of living that can be enjoyed by such employee. Therefore, as it was noted earlier, employee’s compensation is a major determining factor in the type of industrial condition that can exist in any given organization. Compensation if not well managed can lead to serious industrial acrimony and work stoppages. Unfortunately, in most organizations, because of the divergent nature of the interest of the parties in industrial relations – employees and their trade unions and employers and their representatives in management, the spate of conflicts that have been resulting in industries have ever been on the high increase. For instance, the employees always want high remuneration, job security and few working periods. By receiving very fat salaries and wages, the more they shall be able to meet up with their needs and those of their families and also be able to attain higher social status in the society where they find themselves. Consequently, high remuneration is what is so paramount to them. The employer on the other hand wants to minimize the cost of production so that he can maximize his profit. Cost of production includes cost of raw materials, cost of labour and other overhead costs. The higher the wage (labour) rate, the higher the cost of production and invariably the lower the profit that will accrue to the employer. The employer therefore, must of necessity strive to bring down the cost of labour through whatever strategies that are at his disposal. These divergences in the interests of the parties in industrial relations have often time led to industrial conflicts and work stoppages. As noted above, compensation, if not well managed can lead to serious problems in organizations.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The cardinal aim of this study is to find out the impact of compensation on corporate performance. Other objectives of the study are to:
i. highlight how compensation can contribute to employees’ level of productivity.
ii. identify the various forms of compensations that organizations can use to boost the employees’ working morale.
iii. find out whether employees’ prefer monetary compensations to non-monetary compensations.
iv. Identify the reasons why compensations related issues have led to serious conflicts between trade union and management in industries.

1.4 Relevant Research Questions
The following questions were asked in this study:-
i. What are the impacts of compensation on corporate performance?
ii. How can compensation contribute to employees’ level of productivity?
iii. What are the various forms of compensations that organizations use to boost the employees’ working morale?
iv. Do employees prefer monetary compensations to non-monetary compensations? v. What are the reasons why compensations related issues do lead to serious conflicts between trade union and management in industries?

1.5 Relevant Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested in this study:-
H01: Compensation does not improve corporate performance.
H02: Employees’ compensations do not increase employees’ level of productivity.
H03: Employees’ do not prefer monetary compensations to non-monetary compensations.
H04: Good organizational compensation programme does not increase employee’s level of commitment.

1.6 Significance of the Study
The roles that compensations play in attracting, retaining and motivating well skilled employees to an organization are unquantifiable. No singular factor has the effect of motivating employees to higher level of productivity than money related issues. Compensation is at the centre-point of employee-employer exchange relationship. Hardly has any other issue led to strained relationship between management and trade unions than money related issues. This study shall explore the impact of compensation on corporate performance. The researcher shall also examine how compensation can affect employees’ level of motivation and thereby influencing the overall corporate productivity. Efforts shall be geared towards highlighting the various compensation programmes being adopted among Nigerian organizations to remunerate the employees. The researcher shall also identify the reasons why compensations related issues have led to serious conflicts between trade union and management in industries and suggest approaches that can be adopted to reduce the pace of industrial conflict between labour and management. This study shall also offer suggestions to organizations on strategies that they can use to improve their future compensation management programmes. This study when completed shall be made accessible to both organizations and other interested parties by placing this project in the library and also on the internet. This study shall also serve as a useful tool for future referencing by scholars and researchers.

1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of this study is restricted to the impact of compensation on corporate performance, a case study of Nigerian Breweries Plc. This study examines how compensations impact on corporate performance. The researcher limits herself to examining how compensation do affect employees’ level of motivation and invariably impacting the overall corporate performance. The study also highlights the various compensation programmes being adopted among Nigerian managers to remunerate their employees. The researcher also identifies the reasons why bread and butter related issues do lead to serious strained relationship between labour and management in organizations.

As with studies of this nature, time constraint and lack of research resources in terms of money and personnel, inhibited this study. This study was further limited due to the uncooperative attitudes of the respondents who were in most instances reluctant in providing data needed for successful completion of this project just because they were skeptical about the purpose of this study irrespective of the fact that the researcher attaches a covering letter to the questionnaire explaining the purpose of the study.

1.8 Organization of the Study
This project was carried out in five chapters. Chapter one focuses on introduction under which the researcher shall treat topics like background of study, statement of problems, objectives of Studies, research questions and research hypothesis, significance of study, scope limitation of Study and definition of terms.

Chapter two focuses on literature review in which various literatures were reviewed which are works carried out by different authors and researchers relevant to the researcher’s area of study. This was presented under two headings: Theoretical Framework of the Study and Empirical framework of the Study.

Chapter three focuses on Research Methodology in which the researcher shall highlight the nature of the research method, research design to be used in this study, population, sample and sample design, research instrument to use, the reliability and validity of the research instrument, procedure for research instrument administration and method of data presentation and analysis.

Chapter four focuses on presentation and analysis of data. The various data that were gathered from the field shall be presented and later analyzed using various statistical tables, pie charts, frequency tables, chi square analytical tools. Subsequently the hypothesis earlier stated in chapter one shall be tested also in this chapter.

In chapter five, the researcher shall focus on summary, conclusions and recommendations during which she shall present detailed summary of the works to be carried out in this project. Subsequently, the researcher shall present some conclusions she shall draw from this project and shall make recommendations to Management and suggestions for further studies.

1.9 Definition of Terms
1. Employees: These are the people that work in an organization
2. Organization: This is a consciously coordinated social entity with a relatively identifiable boundary that function to achieve some goals.
3. Performance: The ability and the act of increasing in level of growth and achievement of meaningful success and adapting to circumstance through human effort.
4. Power the s the ability to control others, to hire, to fire, to determine who uses what resources. It is the tool to influence one to behave in a particular way. The purpose of power is to control and influence others to direct employees wills and to command respect.
5. Productivity: This is the ratio of output to the input of labour.
6. Compensation: This is salaries and wages that are paid to the employees as members of an organization.
7. Subordinate: A person who works under someone else. He is inferior or a junior to a person above him in the organization hierarchy.


REFERENCES
Agburu John (2012), Recent Trends in Wage and Salary Administration in Nigeria: A Synopsis on Theoretical and Empirical Challenges, International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol. 01, No. 02

Banjoko Simbo A. (2012), Managing Corporate Reward Systems, Lagos: Pumark Nigeria Ltd

Bernadin, (2007) cited in Odunlade, R.O. (2012) Managing Employee Compensation and Benefits for Job Satisfaction in Libraries and Information Centres in Nigeria, Lagos: Library Philosophy and Practice, http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP

Ernst & Young Global Limited (2013), Managing global compensation Time to take control?

Fayomi, Ikeoluwapo Omolara, (2013), Monetization policy in Nigerian public service: The perspective and challenges, International Journal of Educational Research and Development Vol. 2(5), pp. 105-113, http://www.academeresearchjournals.org/journal/ijerd

Kiabel B. D. and Nwokah N. G. (2009), Boosting Revenue Generation by State Governments in Nigeria: The Tax Consultants Option Revisited, European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 8, Number 4.

Odunlade, R.O. (2012) Managing Employee Compensation and Benefits for Job Satisfaction in Libraries and Information Centres in Nigeria, Lagos: Library Philosophy and Practice, http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP

Olatunji Eniola Sule and Aminu Sarat Iyabo (2014) Wages and Salaries Administration as Motivational Tool in Nigerian Organisation (A Case Study of Nestle Nigeria PLC), Journal of Business Theory and Practice, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2014 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/jbtp


INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROJECT:-

No. of Pages	90
References	10
Project Level	B.Sc./HND
Fee	N40,000

For More Information about this project call this number 234-08028177177

For other Projects visit www.danikingconsulting.com                          

    

Some School's Projects Available for Sale

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NO.	TOPIC	DEPARTMENT	LEVEL	PAGES	NO. OF WORDS	REFERENCES	AMOUNT
1.	The Effect of Loyalty on Employees Performance,A Case Study of ……	Business Admin/HR Mgt	M.Sc	75	15,555	17	US$100
2.	The impact of Tax Evasion and Avoidance on Revenue Generation of the Govt A Case Study of …	Accounting	B.Sc	77	20,344	23	US$100
3	. The Importance of Corporate Governance on Financial Reporting	Accounting/Business Admin	B.Sc	82	15,192	20	US$100
4	. The Impact of Promotion on Organisational Performance, A Case  Study of…	Business Admin/Marketing	B.Sc/M.Sc	82	15,946	17	US$100
5	The Impact of Strategic Management on Organisational Performance, A Case	Business Administration	M.Sc/MBA	99	19,468	27	US$100
6	The Impact of Internal Audit Mechanism in Checking Fraud and Errors in Govt.	Accounting	B.Sc	74	15,411	23	US$100
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8	The Role of Auditors in Fraud Detection and Control, A Case Study of …..	Accounting	B.Sc/M.Sc	80	16,044	23	US$100
9	The Impact of Total Quality Management on Corporate Performance, A Study	Business Administration	B.Sc	72	11,311	16	US$100
10	The Effect of Inventory Control Management on Corporate Performance, A Study	Accounting	B.Sc.	70	14,156	15	US$100
11	The Effect of Personal Selling in the Marketing of Industrial Products, A Case	Marketing/Business Admin	B.Sc	81	16,160	21	US$100
12	Tax As a Veritable Source of Revenue to the Government: An Appraisal of ….	Accounting	B.Sc.	68	13,205	9	US$100
13	The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organisational Performance,	Business Admin/HR Mgt	B.Sc	84	15,751	10	US$100
14	An Investigation of Social Responsibility in Organisation Performance, A Case	Business Administration	B.Sc	80	13,199	11	US$100
15	Tax Evasion and Avoidance: An Investigation of The Causes and their Effect ,,,	Accounting	B.Sc./M.Sc	73	19,274	26	US$100
16	The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance, A Case	Business Admin/HR Mgt	B.Sc.	63	8,949	8	US$70
17	The Challenges and Prospects of Pay As You Earn Program Implentation	Accounting	B.Sc.	67	14,833	21	US$100
18	The Impact of Employees Benefits Plan on Organisational Commitment, A ….	Business Admin/HR Mgt	B.Sc/M.Sc	103	19,504	94	US$100
19	The Effect of Flexible Working Hours on Employees Performance, A Case of ..	Business Admin/HR Mgt	M.Sc	81	17,572	28	US$100
20	An Appraisal of Credit Admininstration in the Banking Industry, A Case Study	Banking and Finance	B.Sc	63	16,917	27	US$100

Comparative Analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios -www.danikingconsulting.com

 

Comparative Analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios 

Research Project

By

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Information is an essential ingredient in assessing an organisation’s performance. A business entity must have financial statements that are capable of providing reliable and relevant information about all the important aspects of an entity’s performance. Obtaining and assessing information about corporate performance is essential to investors in their decision either to invest or not to invest in an organisation’s share. Financial statements are used to make decisions. They are used by shareholders and investors, and also by lenders, as well as by management. Financial statement analysis is important to the management, owners, personnel, customers, suppliers, competitors, regulatory agencies, tax payers, lenders, academics and others, each having their views in applying financial statement analysis in their evaluations and making judgments about the financial health of organization. The financial statements contain a large number of figures, but the figures themselves do not necessarily have much meaning to a user of the financial statements. One widely accepted method of assessing financial statements is ratio analysis, which uses data from the statement of financial position and other comprehensive income and statement of profit or loss to produce values that have easily interpreted financial meaning.

All banks, banking systems and other financial organizations routinely evaluate their financial health by calculating various ratios and comparing the values to those for previous periods, looking for differences that could indicate a meaningful change in financial condition. Many financial organizations also compare their own ratio values to those for similar organizations looking for differences that could indicate weaknesses or opportunities for improvement. Financial statements analysis is information processing system designed to provide data for decision making. The information is basically derived from published annual financial statements and accounts of the companies.

Meaning of Financial Statement
Financial Statement of a company can therefore be defined as a statement written in monetary terms that shows all the activities of an entity within a particular reporting period, including the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statement is a formal record of the financial activities of a business, person or other entity, prepared by the management of an entity to account for the business activities that have been performed over a specified period of time usually a year; it also states how the company’s resources have been managed effectively and efficiently. The objective of financial statement is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements also state how company’s resources have been managed effectively and efficiently for a given financial period, usually a year.

Meaning of Performance measures and Financial Analysis
According to Zayyad Abdul-Baki et al (2014) Performance measure entails comparing actual results with an established standard. For example, the comparison of actual results with standards as in variance analysis or actual results with budgets as in budgetary control system or comparison of a company’s financial ratios with the industry average as in ratio analysis or comparing a company’s performance with best practices as in benchmarking. Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent information, to assist in investment and financial decision-making. Financial analysis may be used internally to evaluate issues such as employee performance, the efficiency of operations, and credit policies, and externally to evaluate potential investments and the credit worthiness of borrowers and other information. The analyst draws the financial data needed in financial analysis from so many sources. The primary source is the data provided by the company itself in its annual report and required disclosures. The annual report comprises the statement of profit or loss, statement of financial position and other comprehensive income and the statement of cash flows as well as notes to these statements. Certain businesses may also be required by securities laws and other industry regulators to disclose additional information.

Meaning of Financial Ratio
A ratio is mathematical relation between on quantity and another. Ratio analysis is a good means of measuring the performance of an organization and it shows the relationship between financial data in the financial statements, and indicates the quotient of two mathematical expressions, (Abdulraheem A., 2004).

Introduction to the Nigerian Banking Sector
In Nigeria, the banking sector forms one of the pillars of economic development. It intermediates funds between the surplus and the deficit units, thus stimulating and promoting investments as well as economic growth and development. It follows that increase of investments in the banking sector will lead to improved performance of the economy. However, for any meaningful investment to occur in the banking sector, quality accounting information regarding share price and other performance indicators are essential. Investors, who are usually different from the management of investments, only rely on the information supplied by the management in the financial statement, in assessing the risk and value of a firm before deciding either to invest or disinvest. It is therefore important to use the appropriate accounting standards in preparing financial statements as it is an indicator of the performance of a firm.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
The scenario of commercial banking in Nigeria has been characterized by low capitalization which consequently affected their financial performance. While re-capitalisation of Nigerian banks may address this concern, the effect of the exercise on banks performance remains an empirical one. Before the capitalization exercise that took place some years back, many Nigerian banks were sick and unhealthy financially. Huge unsecured loans were given by the banks; their CEOs allegedly manipulated bank books and helped themselves to customer funds. Above all, bank shares were manipulated to deceive. Things were presented from a public relation (PR) perspective and many were led to purchase bank shares which were almost worthless. While this alleged scam was on, the banks presented a polished image by maintaining an elaborate scheme of deceit. Many Nigerians were ruined by a number of banks who loaned them money to purchase their worthless shares. Bank CEOs in a number of instances criminally used their customers’ accounts to borrow money from banks under their charge (Okoye and Gbegi, 2013).

There is therefore the need for investors and other users of financial information to be provided with reliable and up to day information with which they can assess the healthiness of the banking institutions before they make their purchase decisions of whether to invest or not to invest in a banks share. Such information when provided and analyzed shall save such potential investors from making useless investment decisions.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The cardinal aim of this study is to carry out comparative analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios. Other objectives of this study include the following:-
(i) To investigate the significance of financial ratios in assessing the performance of banking institutions in Nigeria.
(ii) To investigate the impact of the adoption of IFRS on bank performance.

1.4 Research Questions
(i) What are the significance of financial ratios in assessing the performance of banking institutions in Nigeria?
(ii) What are the impacts of the adoption of IFRS on the performance of the banking institutions in Nigeria?

1.5 Significance of the Study
Financial sector is the backbone of economy of a country. It works as a facilitator for achieving sustained economic growth through providing efficient monetary intermediation. A strong financial system promotes investment by financing productive business opportunities, mobilizing savings, efficiently allocating resources and makes easy the trade of goods and services. The efficacy of a financial system to reduce information and transaction costs plays an important role in determining the rate of savings, investment decisions, technological innovations and hence the rate of economic growth. Banking has become an important feature, which renders service to the people in financial matters, and its magnitude of action is extending day by day. It is a major financial institutional system in Nigeria (Sani J. and Alani G.O., 2013) of the total assets of all the financial institutions. A profitable and sound banking sector is at a better point to endure adverse upsets and adds performance in the financial system (Athanasoglou et al., 2008). Investing in such an important sector as the banking industry should be a worthy decision. However, because the sector is currently faced with numerous problems, it may be a risky venture to invest in an unhealthy financial institution. Ratio analysis provides investors and other users of financial statements important tools to analyze the healthiness of such financial institution before making their financial decision. Such a tool shall be able to save such investors from making a wrong investment decision. This study shall therefore provide readers information of the various ratio analytical tools they can use to guide them in making their investment decision. It is hoped that at the completion of this study, this work shall be made accessible to other readers by making this study available on the internet and in the library. This will inevitably make the materials a tool of reference for future users.

1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the comparative analysis of the performance of selected financial institutions using financial ratios. This study also examines whether or not the performance of the financial institutions in Nigeria have improved with the adoption of IFRS, The setting of this study was limited to Lagos State.

1.7 Definition of Terms Activity ratio: Activity ratio relates information on a company’s ability to manage its Resources (that is, its assets) efficiently.
Financial Analysis: Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent information, to assist in investment and financial decision-making.
Financial Leverage ratio: This provides information on the degree of a company’s fixed financial obligations and its ability to satisfy these financing obligations.
Financial Ratio: A ratio is mathematical relation between on quantity and another. Ratio analysis is a good means of measuring the performance of an organization and it shows the relationship between financial data in the financial statements, and indicates the quotient of two mathematical expressions.
Financial Statement: Financial Statement of a company can therefore be defined as a statement written in monetary terms that shows all the activities of an entity within a particular reporting period, including the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statement is a formal record of the financial activities of a business, person or other entity, prepared by the management of an entity to account for the business activities that have been performed over a specified period of time usually a year;
Liquidity ratio: This ratio provides information on a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations as they arise.
Performance measures: Performance measure entails comparing actual results with an established standard.
Profitability ratio: Profitability ratio provides information on the amount of income from each Naira on sales.
Shareholder ratio: This ratio describes the company’s financial condition in terms of amounts Share of stock. Return on Investment ratio: Provides information on the amount of profit, relative to the assets employed to produce that profit.

REFERENCES
Abdulraheem Abdulrasheed (2004) “Ratio analysis as a measure of performance in the banking industry, a case study of selected banks”, Journal of the Department of Business Administration
Athanasoglou P. P, Brissimis S. N, Delis M. D. (2008). “Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability.” Int. Finan. Mark. Inst. Money, 18: 121-136.
Chen, H, Tang, Q. Jiang, Y. & Lin, Z. (2010), The Role of International Financial Reporting Standards in Accounting Quality, Evidence from European Union, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 21(3), 220-278.
Imhoff, E. (2003), Accounting Quality, Auditing and Corporate Governance, Accounting Horizons, Special Issue on Accounting Quality, 117-128. Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (2014), “Management, Governance and Ethics”, London: Emile Woolf International Sani John and Alani G.O. (2013) “A comparative analysis of pre and post re-capitalization financial performance of banks in Nigeria, International Journal of Capacity Building in Education and Management, Vol. 2 No. 2
Zayyad Abdul-Baki, Ahmad Bukola Uthman and Mubaraq Sanni (2014) “Financial ratios as performance measure: a comparison of IFRS and Nigerian GAAP”, Accounting and Management Information Systems Vol 13, No. 1 pp 82-97

INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROJECT:-

No. of Pages	93
References	13
Project Level	B.Sc./HND
Fee	N20,000

For More Information about this project call this number 234-08028177177

For other Projects visit www.danikingconsulting.com                          

    

Privatisation and Commercialisation as an Inpetus Towards Economic Development in Nigeria (A Study of Telecommunication)

PRIVATISATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION AS AN INPETUS TOWARDS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

(A STUDY OF TELECOMMUNICATION)

RESEARCH PROJECT

WRITTEN BY

YOUR NAME

MATRICULATION NO.

SUBMITTED TO FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF B.SC IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

AUGUST 2012

ABSTRACT

This is a 69 page project that focused on Privatization and Commercialization as an impetus to Economic Development of Nigeria, A Study of Telecommunications. Countries all over the world in their efforts to achieve industrial growth and development often time embark on one developmental strategy or the other. This is as a result of immense benefits associated with industrialization. To achieve sustained growth and development that will increase the social benefits and welfare that will accrue to Nigerians, the federal government has adopted various strategies to save the country’s economy from the wool and to move the nation forward. Privatization and Commercialization were some of the strategies and policy measures of the government, taken to move Nigeria to her Promised Land. This project x-rayed various privatization and commercialization programmes of Nigerian Government starting from 1988 till date. The various objectives of the programmes, problems encountered and successes achieved in the implementation of the programmes were also examined. Some research questions examined include:- What were the impacts of Privatization and Commercialization on Economic Development of Nigeria? To what extent did the Privatization and Commercialization exercise of the federal government achieved the intended objectives of the government?  Some hypotheses tested include: the privatization and commercialization programme of the federal government does not impact positively on Nigeria’s economic development; corruption among political class and government officials did not negatively impact on the success of Nigeria’s Privatization and Commercialization programme. It was found from the study that corruption among political class and government officials did negatively impact on the success of Nigeria’s Privatization and Commercialization programmes. Nigerian government can improve on the success of future privatization and commercialization programmes by adopting strategies that will eliminate corruption in the society. Corruption has actually eaten deep into the fabrics of our society. However efforts can be made to reduce the evils of these ills in the society called corruption.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                           INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Countries all over the world in their efforts to achieve industrial growth and development often time embark on one developmental strategy or the other. This is as a result of immense benefits associated with industrialization.

As a nation industrializes, the productivity level of such a country will increase thereby leading to increase in the aggregate Gross Domestic Product and cumulatively towards the achievement of higher National Income and higher Per Capital Income which is a measure of standard of living and social benefits accruable to such a society.

According to the classical economists like Adam Smith (1776), John Stuart Mills and David Ricardo (1817) production is the process of creating and expanding wealth of a nation. Through increased productive activities, a country’s standard of live can be increased tremendously which shall ultimately lead to higher social benefits that shall be enjoyed by the people of that society.

As noted by Karl Marx in his political economy, the production and reproduction of the material existence of a society is essential for its continued existence. Thus people’s productive activity is the primary condition of existence because for people to eat and sustain themselves, they must work. To Frederick Engels “work creates Man himself”. It is only by labour that people create and recreate their entire material life (Anifowose R. & Enemuo F. (2008).

To achieve sustained growth and development that will increase the social benefits and welfare that will accrue to Nigerians, the federal government has adopted various strategies to save the country’s economic from the wool and to move the nation forward. Privatization and Commercialization are some of the strategies and policy measures of the government, taken to move Nigeria to her Promised Land.

In July 1988, the Federal Government of Nigeria promulgated Decree No. 25. This Decree outlined how the policy of Privatization and Commercialization shall be executed in Nigeria. The motivation for embarking on this policy was due to the government’s desire to reverse the economic difficulties that have arisen in the society as a result of decades of the state acting as a major and dominating producer of goods and services in the country. The primary aim is to reduce the size and expenditure of government, and the promotion of efficiency and effectiveness in the economic sector of the country.

Since Nigeria got her independence in 1960, Nigerian government has been taking active roles in running the economic affairs of the country. The state have dominant control in the management of such important activities like banking, insurance, agriculture, manufacturing, mining, commerce, construction, provision of health facilities, supply of energy, communication, transportation and provision of basic goods and services.

For instance, prior to the government privatization and commercialization exercise, there were about 70 non commercial and 110 commercial state-owned enterprises which depended on public funds and management for their operations. In monetary terms, the Federal Government invested or held equity shares of over N36 Billion in about 500 enterprises. A good number of them were inefficient and unprofitable ventures that depended on state funds. The direct consequent of this and scope of public involvement in the economy was that about 40 percent of the country’s annual capital expenditures were expended on public enterprises.

After this long period of difficult-to-manage phenomenal growth in the size of the state, followed an era of shrinking public resources worsened by huge foreign debts and service obligations. In addition, there exist economic constraints on government activities and deeply declined ability to continue supporting largely unprofitable public enterprises. With the strong influence of International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and the Structural Adjustment Programme which these international bodies insist that Nigeria must adopt in order to continue obtaining from international capital, credit investment and aid. Nigeria had no alternative but to embrace the economic philosophy of reducing the size of the state bureaucracy through privatization and commercialization of public enterprises.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Before the privatization and commercialization exercise of the Federal Government, most government funded and managed establishments were inefficiently and ineffectively managed. These establishments were pipes through which the nation’s wealth was siphoned to the drains. The mentality and orientations of many Nigerians then was that government’s property was no body’s property. Anybody that therefore assume any managerial and leadership position then capitalize that as opportunity to amass wealth and steal the nations wealth. Consequently, looting of national wealth went on unbridled. The politicians, the military, the bureaucrats, civil servants and those in one position of authority or the other both at the federal, state and local government levels in the country used that as opportunities to loot the national treasury at the detriment of the common people who did not have the opportunity of being in government or of holding one official post or the other. Consequently, the nation’s wealth were not evenly distributed. The income gap between the rich and the poor was interpolated. The society which hitherto had no social class structure became dissected into two classes – the poor and rich. The middle class disappeared from the nation’s income class. This ugly trend continued unabated with the poor continuously languishing in abject poverty. The ugly consequence of these was that our morals and social values as a people were thrown to the mud. The social values that bided us together went to the blues. Bribery and corruption became the other of the day. It was no longer the end that justify the means but rather the means that justify the end. Our people no longer care how you made wealth but rather whether you made wealth. Chieftaincy titles and honours are now bestowed on boys of underage just because they can pay for them. Thus our symbol of honesty and personal dignity became what can be purchased by money.

1.3. Aim and Objective of the Study

The main aim of this study is to find out whether Privatization and Commercialization actually act as impetus on national development.

Other objectives of this study are:-

i.        To identify the impact of Privatization and Commercialization on Economic Development of Nigeria

ii.      To identify the extent the Privatization and Commercialization exercise of the federal government achieved the intended objectives of the government.

iii.    To identify the problems that hindered the Privatization and Commercialization exercise of the federal government.

iv.    To identify means that these problems can be solved.

v.      To identify the best strategies to use to improve on future privatization and commercialization programmes of the government.

1.4. Relevant Research Questions

The following questions were asked in this study:-

1.      What are the impacts of Privatization and Commercialization on Economic Development of Nigeria?

2. To what extent did the Privatization and Commercialization exercise of the federal government achieved the intended objectives of the government?
3. Identify the problems that hindered the successful operation of the federal government’s privatization and commercialization programmes?
4. In what ways can these problems be solved?
5. Are there ways that the government can improve on their future privatization and commercialization exercise?

1.5. Relevant Research Hypotheses

1.         H₁: The privatization and commercialization programme of the federal government impacts positively on Nigeria’s economic development.

H₀: The privatization and commercialization programme of the federal government does not impact positively on Nigeria’s economic development.

2.         H₁: The Privatization and Commercialization programmes of the federal government have achieved the intended purpose.

H₀: The Privatization and Commercialization programmes of the federal government have not achieved the intended purpose.

3          H₁: Corruption among political class and government officials did negatively impact on the success of Nigeria’s Privatization and Commercialization programmes.

H₀: Corruption among political class and government officials did not negatively impact on the success of Nigeria’s Privatization and Commercialization programmes

4.         H₁: Sincerity on the part of the government in the implementation of the future Privatization and Commercialization programmes can make the exercises successful.

H₀: Sincerity on the part of the government in the implementation of the future Privatization and Commercialization programmes cannot make the exercises successful.

5.         H₁: Nigerian Privatization and Commercialization programmes brought about income inequality among Nigerians.

H₀: Nigerian Privatization and Commercialization programmes did not bring about income inequality among Nigerians.

1.6. Scope of the Study

This study focused on Privatization and Commercialization as an impetus towards economic development in Nigeria – A Study of Telecommunication. In this study, the researcher investigated how Privatization and Commercialization contributes towards economic development in Nigeria. This study also identified some problems that impeded the successful implementation of the federal government’s privatization and commercialization programmes and also suggested ways that these problems could be solved. This study also x-rayed the state of corruption and looting going on in the state owned organizations that brought about inefficiency and ineffectiveness in the management of these establishments which subsequently led to their privatization and commercialization. This study also examined government’s insincerity in implementing these programmes and also suggested means of making future privatization and commercialization exercise successful.

1.7. Significance of Study

The government’s privatization and commercialization programmes as presently being implemented in Nigeria are faced with several problems as it was pointed out the previous section of this study. At the end of this study, solutions shall be found for most if not all the problems that confront this exercise presently. The findings of this project shall be hosted on the net and made accessible to those that are vested with the responsibility of this privatization and commercialization programme. This study shall also act as a good reference point for future users and readers. It is hoped that the other students in other Nigerian tertiary institutions as well as the larger society shall benefit from this work since this projected shall be made available in libraries and other educational centres throughout Nigeria where people can have access to them.

1.8. Definition of Terms

Commercialization:               This is the process of making government owned and funded establishments to be self sustaining and profit oriented

Economic Development:       This is the process by which a high degree of self-reliant economic growth in a given society, sustained over a long time, is associated with a substantial reduction in poverty, unemployment and inequality.

Deregulation:                         This means removal of controls, rules, restrictions or standards on the operations of a functioning system.    

Indigenization:                       This is the transfer of equity shareholding and ownership in companies to the indigenes of a country or a state

Privatization:                         This the process whereby government equity interests in companies, corporations and parastatals are being sold to private individuals and companies including foreigners

Subsidy:                                 Money paid by a government to help an industry

REFERENCES

1.                  Adebayo, A. (1999) Economics, A Simplified Approach, Lagos: African International

Publishing Ltd, page 210.

2.                  Anifowose, R. and Enemuo, F. (2008) Elements of Politics, Lagos: Sam Iroanusi

Publications, pages 44-45.

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Project Status	Available
Number of Chapters	5
Number of Pages	68
Number of Words	15,383
Number of References	16
Project Level	B.Sc.
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